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鈥淧arental rights鈥� is a rallying cry for today鈥檚 American conservatives, signaling opposition to mandatory vaccination and 鈥渨oke鈥� public school curricula. In Every Man鈥檚 Home a Castle, Julia Bowes traces the origins of the modern parental rights movement to the nineteenth century, when the introduction of compulsory schooling laws, child labor regulations, and vaccine requirements provoked a resistance rooted in the presumed right of white men to govern their homes. A wide-ranging coalition鈥攊ncluding Irish Catholic immigrants in Illinois, Mormon enclaves in Utah, and Protestant clergy in Virginia鈥攂elieved that the state had usurped the 鈥渘atural rights鈥� of parents and 鈥渋nvaded the home.鈥�

Bowes shows how, by the turn of the century, those disparate voices had coalesced into national conservative movements. Anti-vaccinationists, alternative medical practitioners, and parents who opposed compulsory school medical exams joined forces to form the National League for Medical Freedom. Deciding a case brought by conservative Catholic lawyers, the Supreme Court declared parental rights a 鈥渇undamental liberty鈥� protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. And the Sentinels of the Republic, a conservative citizen鈥檚 lobby, mobilized a campaign to defeat the proposed federal Child Labor Amendment, bringing together pro-family and free-market politics with far-reaching consequences.

Exploring the emergence of parental rights as an antistatist ideology through legal cases, legislative debates, and political movements, Bowes argues that the expansion of state power over children provoked such fierce opposition because the paternal rights of white men鈥攃onsidered the 鈥渞ights-bearing鈥� individuals of American democracy鈥攚ere widely viewed as the mark and measure of their independence.