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In this brilliant portrait of the oceans鈥� unlikely hero, H. Bruce Franklin shows how menhaden have shaped America鈥檚 national鈥攁nd natural鈥攈istory, and why reckless overfishing now threatens their place in both. Since Native Americans began using menhaden as fertilizer, this amazing fish has greased the wheels of U.S. agriculture and industry. By the mid-1870s, menhaden had replaced whales as a principal source of industrial lubricant, with hundreds of ships and dozens of factories along the eastern seaboard working feverishly to produce fish oil. Since the Civil War, menhaden have provided the largest catch of any American fishery. Today, one company鈥擮mega Protein鈥攈as a monopoly on the menhaden 鈥渞eduction industry.鈥� Every year it sweeps billions of fish from the sea, grinds them up, and turns them into animal feed, fertilizer, and oil used in everything from linoleum to health-food supplements.
 
The massive harvest wouldn鈥檛 be such a problem if menhaden were only good for making lipstick and soap. But they are crucial to the diet of bigger fish and they filter the waters of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, playing an essential dual role in marine ecology perhaps unmatched anywhere on the planet. As their numbers have plummeted, fish and birds dependent on them have been decimatedand toxic algae have begun to choke our bays and seas. In Franklin鈥檚 vibrant prose, the decline of a once ubiquitous fish becomes an adventure story, an exploration of the U.S. political economy, a groundbreaking history of America鈥檚 emerging ecological consciousness, and an inspiring vision of a growing alliance between environmentalists and recreational anglers.